Colonialism in Manifesto to Certain Filipinos by Jose Rizal

Colonialism in Manifesto to Certain Filipinos by Jose Rizal Introduction In his essay, Manifesto to Certain Filipinos, Philippine national hero Jose Rizal condemns the actions of the Katipunan (the Philippine rebellion group) in their attempt to stage a bloody rebellion against Spanish authorities due to the perceived injustices of Spain against the Filipino people (Rizal, 1896). Rizal elaborates on how he wanted no part of the rebellion, on how such actions would have largely negative consequences and that a better path to take would be that of education and hard work so as to earn liberation rather than fight for it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Colonialism in â€Å"Manifesto to Certain Filipinos† by Jose Rizal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It must be noted that towards the latter part of his essay Rizal mentions the need for reform and education, research into the 333 years of Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines shows that while the colonial rule has in l arge part benefited the Philippines through the establishment of modern institutions in country, the use and benefits of such institutions are largely isolated towards the Spanish colonial powers, religious orders and illustrados (educated Filipinos who are part of middle class in the Philippines) (Delmendo, 1998). The trickle down effect seen in most modern societies is largely absent with the population mostly at the mercy of Spanish authorities and the church who exert great amounts of influence in ensuring the subjugation of the Filipino people both intellectually and culturally. This can be seen in the early refusal of the church to teach Spanish to the Filipino people, restricting higher forms of education and ensuring the continued domiciled behavior of the local populace through the effective use of religious subjugation. The Works of Rizal In some of the works of Rizal, most notably his titular novel Noli Me Tangere (The Social Cancer) Rizal elaborates through the main char acter, Jose Crisostomo Ibarra y Magsalin, that in order to for the country to effectively progress education is needed in order to show to the Spanish that the Filipinos are equals and not subordinates (Gonzalez 1993). An examination of other works and documents by Rizal shows that it was his desire that the Filipino people be eventually considered equals by the people of Spain (Lifshey, 2008). The inherent problem, he states, of the situation in the Philippines is that through the oppression of the church in repressing education to the majority of Filipinos most of the population is not able to show the hidden potential they possess (Bonoan, 1998). This particular notion is shown in the latter part of his essay where he mentions what is needed is reform to come from the top in order for Philippine society to improve as a whole. Based on the examination of various historians examining the actions and writings of Rizal it generally agree upon that it was not his desire for rebellion to occur but rather integration wherein through the establishment of positive reforms and equal treatment to the Filipino people the Philippines would eventually be considered a province of Spain with its people accorded the same rights and privileges as any Spanish citizen (Bonoan, 1998).Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hence the fact he so vehemently condemned the rebellion being instigated by the Katipunan forces due to the fact such methods would not benefit the Philippines in the least. The Concept of Self-Governance The opinion of Rizal is largely justifiable due to the fact that the well educated class of citizens (the illustrados) within the Philippines was still quite few and as a result the effective governing of the country which only they could possibly do was in large part unfeasible. This is reflected in the fact that Rizal considered the rebellion wholly absurd, w orse than absurd, in fact it was disastrous (Rizal, 1896). For him the Filipino people werent ready due to the continued repercussions of the 333 years of Spanish colonial rule which in large part, while modernizing the country, left most of its people divided, uneducated and incapable of properly running a country (Delmendo, 1998). Based off the speculation of various historians examining that particular period in history most if not all agree with the assumptions of Rizal that the Philippines was still not ready at that particular point in time for self-governance (Delmendo, 1998). Another factor to consider is what would have happened should the rebellion not have taken place and the reforms had been enacted. It has been speculated that if the reforms Rizal had spoken of had actually taken place the Philippines would probably not have become independent but rather would have become a province of Spain with its people being considered Spanish citizens. While it can never be truly known if such an event would have truly occurred it can be said with certainty though that if it had, it would have benefited the Philippines immensely in terms of cultural, social and economic development. Influences in Spain and the Philippines In the initial parts of the essay Rizal mentions the use of his name as the instigator of rebellion (Rizal, 1896). It must be noted that this is due to the fact many of the works of Rizal such as his titular novel the Noli Me Tangere (The Social Cancer) and its sequel El Filibusterismo (The Reign of Greed) as well as a large portion of his essays all inherently criticize the current Spanish regime in the Philippines as well as mention the need for change. This intellectual rebellion accomplished by Rizal not only had effects in Spain but also in the Philippines. While most of his work as considered inappropriate and subsequently banned by the local Spanish government as well as the Church enough made it through to the Philippines which lit the flames of nationalism so to speak creating the initial plans for open rebellion against the Spanish forces in the country (Lifshey, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Colonialism in â€Å"Manifesto to Certain Filipinos† by Jose Rizal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand in Spain the works of Rizal also had the effect of the public starting to question the methods employed by the Spanish government in the case of Philippines. If the rebellion had not started the growing public awareness of the situation in the Philippines might have actually started the reform process stated by Rizal as a necessity for the continued progress of the Philippines. Conclusion Overall, the essay can be considered a rant by Jose Rizal in that the pacifistic intellectual rebellion that he had worked so hard to attain over the course of his lifetime was in the end undone by the violent rebellion caused by a few w ho used his name to spark the initial flames of conflict. It must be noted that while Rizal did not support the creation of the rebellion itself he did in fact become a part of it using his talents as a doctor. The essay itself seems to convey the message that people had twisted his words about change and created an entirely new message for their own ends. In the end Jose Rizal met his death by firing squad, immortalized as the icon of a rebellion that he himself did not want to bring about in the first place. Reference List Bonoan, RJ, Jose Rizal, liberator of the Philippines, America, 175, 18, 1996, pp. 18-21. Delmendo, S 1998, The American Factor in Jose Rizals Nationalism, Amerasia Journal, 24, 2, 1998 p. 34. Gonzalez, NM 1993, The novel of justice, Chicago Review, 39, 3/4, 1993, p. 39. Lifshey, A, The Literary Alterities of Philippine Nationalism in Josà © Rizals El filibusterismo, PMLA: Publications of the Modern Language Association of  America, 123, 5, 2008, pp. 1434-1447 .Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Rizal, J 1896, Manifesto to Certain Filipinos in joserizal.info. Web.

Answer questions thoroughly from website Research Paper

Answer questions thoroughly from website - Research Paper Example In a society where ample food is being produced, most of it gets imported and the remaining is sold with high profits to the locals and the people who cannot afford it are deprived of the food. g) Efficiency in the allocation of resources is affected by price control. Prices force people to share, knowingly as well as unknowingly. If there is a shortage of a resource and its demand is increasing, by increasing the price the resource can be allocated to more people and the allocated resources can be shared by many. 6. After rent control laws are passed, resources like bricks and pipes etc used in construction of houses are allocated as such that the better quality material goes to the luxury housing building scheme as they can afford to pay more profit on the goods. 8. When a government program produces counterproductive results it is usually a result of the irrationality of the organization as they should have foreseen all the possible outcomes of the program and prepared accordingly 10. Costs are generally taken to be the money we pay for things, when in fact; it actually is an inevitable opportunity to utilize our resources in terms of trade and exchange. So in a primitive society where goods and services are not charged, cost still exists. 11. Adam Smith’s contrasting opinions on capitalists and capitalism are deeply related to social causation and intentional causation as systemic causation is quite common and takes place through a process whereas intentional causation is spontaneous. 12. When the Soviet Union was in command, its industries used more fuel and resources than America yet their output was less. Russia produces a large amount of oil yet the oil is not used in the production of goods. 13. The price of baseball bats can be affected by the demand of paper following a general principal that if a producer is willing to pay a

Law of Tort Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Law of Tort - Assignment Example Under the legal contour, foresee connotes the magnitude upon which something can be known well in advance. One cannot be held accountable for an injury happened due to one’s demeanour under the negligence in tort unless the risk of that harm was perceptible or foreseeable. In tort, under negligence, the foreseeability is established by a looking into whether the risk of harm is known to the perpetrator through constructive knowledge well in advance. Foreseeability is looked into on what the perpetrator knew or by reasonable assessment of the scenario. In determining what the standard of care owes by the perpetrator, foreseeability plays a significant role. A person will be held accountable for negligence under tort only if he is able to foresee on happening of an event well before . The origin of duty of care can be said to be derived from the case law Donoghue v Stevenson where the claimant was ill after drinking some of the ginger beer where the remains of a dead snail were noticed .In this land mark case, the manufacture was held liable as he owed a duty of care to the claimants by the House of Lords. In this case, Lord Atkin advanced the â€Å"neighbour principle† that one should take adequate care to prevent omissions or acts which one can rationally foresee would likely to injure his neighbour . 2. In Macpherson v Buick Motor Co3, a duty of reasonable care is reposed on all foreseeable consumers of a product and not limited to those in privity of contract whenever it can be foreseeable that damage will result if the product is faulty. For instance, if a washing machine manufacturer supplies a defective product and if A buys the same and sustains harm, then A is definitely a foreseeable consumer for defective washing machine manufacturer. Hence, unde r Macpherson, the manufacturer owes a duty of reasonable care to A under tort law4. It is to be noted that in Smith New Court Securities v Citibank5 , for the recoverable damage, the test for foreseeability was extended whereas it was not extended in an action in deceit, which is another tort of negligence6. In a negligent action, to establish the element of duty, it is essential to prove that the defendant owed an obligation to the plaintiff who suffered harm. Thus, the duty of care by the defendant should be owed not only to the plaintiff but also will include the others within a certain magnitude along with the plaintiff due to the actions of the plaintiff. Under the zone of danger concept, there is a duty on the defendant that he should reasonably foresee or expect his actions to impact. Thus, if an injury has happened beyond the zone of danger and no negligence can be shown, then the defendant owes no duty to others. For the weird chain-reaction or remote incidents, there can b e no recovery for injuries from the defendant7. If the defendant demeanour proximately created harm to the plaintiff, then the occurrence shall be held to be non-remote, and if it is not, then, it is said to be happened remote. Under the world-at-large concept, defendant is needed to foresee more remote chances of harm to individuals not in the adjacent area and of harms not as willingly predictable to happen from his demeanour. Under this concept, the defendant is anticipated to recognise all individuals in the adjacent a

Evidence and support for your claim Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evidence and support for your claim - Essay Example When talking about violence in media, advocates against violence state that they are pushing for more censorship in behalf of the youth. A study has shown that children who were non-violent showed a high level of brain activity similar to that of children with aggressive behavior. (Mathis, 2005) More research has to be conducted to ensure that the brain activity was a direct result of exposure to violent television shows. Nevertheless, theories on behavioral psychology explain that an individual’s behavior can be influenced by a number of things, one of which is through observance of the actions in his or her surroundings. As a child, the individual tends to mimic what he or she sees from the adults around him. (Observation, 2005) Children usually imitate behavior and language from the people around them. This is how they start learning to communicate. As such, adults are often mindful of how they act and what they say whenever around very young children. This is also why parents have their kids watch educational children’s shows. They are in the frame of mind that their children will pick up the words and lessons from the said shows. This way of thinking can also be applied when it comes to violent shows. By having children watch shows with gun-wielding teenagers, people fighting and individuals shouting foul words, media is sending a message that it is normal to act as violently. Media is reinforcing the notion that fighting is acceptable in society. It provides the young viewers role models who exhibit aggressive behavior. Producers of the show maintain that they cannot do away with action scenes and aggressive behavior as these will affect the quality of their shows. They may say that it is the responsibility of the parents to supervise what their children are watching. Also, they may say that their shows are classified for adult viewers who know the difference

It’s Time to Demand More from Corporate America Essay -- Argumentative

It’s Time to Demand More from Corporate America Michael Moore exposes corporate America's dark side in Roger and Me, Pets or Meat: The Return to Flint, and The Big One (Moore).   These show that corporate America is committing a form of domestic terrorism by dehumanizing and exploiting their workers then forcing them to the streets to survive. The actions by individuals such as Roger Smith and Phil Knight are perfect examples of capitalists constantly oppressing the working class described by Karl Marx.   By dehumanizing workers business owners are able to push them to the streets by closing factories and remain a good public image.   Who cares if these degenerate people lose their jobs?   The first step in the terrorism plot is to strip the workers of their livelihood.   When the workers are oppressed they will eventually break down and lose their identity making them easy to push around.   Mike Lefevre demonstrates this idea in his interview with Studs Terkle.   "Everybody should have something to point to." Mike says suggesting the loss of identity he feels with being a labor...

Are Steroids Worth the Risk

Are Steroids Worth the Risk? One of the most controversial issues with all athletes are steroids. How harmful are they? Is it worth the risk to get a competitive edge on the game? Should it be banned from sports? Steroids are not the answer; not only are there physical bad side effects, there are also psychological effects short and long term. The history of steroids dates back to the 1930s, the were taking from male testosterone originally. They were used to treat HIV-AIDS and cancer. They also helped stimulate bone growth and appetite, in order to help those who had trouble with weight gain. An example of this was a man named Barry Tyson who was suffering from HIV and took steroids in order to help build more mass in order to fight off infections from the disease. He noted that, within the first dosage he had taking at night he woke up the next day feeling like a new man and had abundant sources of energy. Some were along theses lines of using it for good medical use and healing it was lost for the benefit of athletes. The effects of steroids are tremendous in both genders. Yes even girls have been caught on steroids to help give them an advantage in sports. The risk that effect boys in the long run are; Testicular shrinkage, blood clotting, breast development, impotence (inability to get an erection), sterility, jaundice (liver damage), shortening of height, heart disease, cancer, and even tumors. Now why would someone want to risk all those long term effects just to get a little stronger. Some would say, â€Å"well I'm just going to use it for a little then I will get off of it. Well steroids is just like any other drug, it is addicting. People try to get off, but once off they realize they cannot get gains as quickly as Palcsik 2 they were before and go back on the steroids thinking just one more time will be fine. After time has passed they never get off and become addicted just like any other drug. Even if you are still skeptic here are some short term effects on boys from steroids: Premature balding or hair loss, dizziness, trembling, seizures, pain when urinating, and even aching joints. Not only are boys effected, but some girls try to get a competitive edge over the fellow athletes. Steroids are not meant to be taken by woman, because a woman's genetics are not meant for male testosterone. Some of the effects on girls are; increased facial hair, development of masculine traits such as deepening of the voice, loss of feminine characteristics, shrinking of breast, and even extreme increased sex drive. These risks are not worth having just so they can become better or close to their competition. Most woman's effects of steroids are irreversible and once one cannot be changed. Another trend found in woman is that when they take steroids they tend to drink more often than usual. This leads to even more liver problems and possible shut down of this organ may be a long term effect. Not only are there physical effects, but there are some psychological effects also. One of the most major factors is â€Å"roid rage. † Roid rage is a result of steroids that cause drastic moods swings and aggression. No just little mood swings, they are extreme uncontrolled bouts of anger caused by steroid use. The longer use of the steroids the more so called rages are experienced and to a greater extent. Back a few years ago there was an entertainment wrestler that used steroids excessively. As the years went on he never noticed any rages or irritability. Suddenly one day he snapped in a violent rage killing his wife and strangling his little seven year old son. Other psychological effects are depression, becoming delusional, paranoia, and even problems sleeping. So not only are there all these mental aspects of steroids that can destroy you, but also physical effects too. Many people believe that taking steroids to get the competitive edge is worth it. Look at all these negative effects. The short term results are not worth the extreme damaged caused to athletes body. People also say well steroids shouldn't be illegal in sports, if you choose to take the risk then it is Palcsik 3 that persons responsibility. The answer is no steroids are not okay in sports or at all in daily life. It was initially banned not because it was considered cheating in sports, but because of the unhealthy effects of steroids and the addictions caused by it. Also it is cheating it is not a persons natural ability, it is fake and additives to the body that are naturally there. People might say well people use it when they are sick so it can't be that bad. Steroids should only be used in medicine to help patients that need it because it is controlled by doctors so u cant exceed the amount you are supposed to have. It is a controlled prescription that the doctors understand. Steroids are not the answer for athletes. If you have the raw natural talent then you have what it takes to be a superb athlete, if not then keep trying till it is no longer possible. If it is not meant to be then it isn't meant to be, there is no point in sacrificing your body just for a few years of possible fame or glamor. Also its not even guaranteed that a person will succeed in the what the reason is that they are taking steroids. The question is are you willing to go throw pain and suffering for the rest of your life just for a advantage over the competition for a temporary time?

What is a Unitary State Pros, Cons, Examples

A unitary state, or unitary government, is a governing system in which a single central government has total power over all of its other political subdivisions. A unitary state is the opposite of a federation, where governmental powers and responsibilities are divided. In a unitary state, the political subdivisions must carry out the directives of the central government but have no power to act on their own. Key Takeaways: Unitary State In a unitary state, the national government has total authority over all of the country’s other political subdivisions (e.g. states).Unitary states are the opposite of federations, in which governing power is shared by a national government and its subdivisions.The unitary state is the most common form of government in the world. In a unitary state, the central government may grant some powers to its local governments through a legislative process called â€Å"devolution.† However, the central government reserves supreme power and can revoke the powers it devolves to the local governments or invalidate their actions. Examples of Unitary States Of the 193 member countries of the United Nations, 165 are unitary states. The United Kingdom and France are two well-recognized examples.   United Kingdom The United Kingdom (UK) is composed of the countries of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. While technically a constitutional monarchy, the UK functions as a unitary state, with total political power held by Parliament (the national legislature located in London, England). While the other countries within the UK each have their own governments, they cannot enact laws that affect any other part of the UK, nor can they refuse to enforce a law enacted by Parliament. France In the Republic of France, the central government exercises total control over the country’s nearly 1,000 local political subdivisions, which are called â€Å"departments.† Each department is headed by an administrative prefect appointed by the French central government. While they are technically governments, France’s regional departments exist only to implement the directives issued by the central government. Some other notable unitary states include Italy, Japan, the People’s Republic of China, and the Philippines. Unitary States vs. Federations The opposite of a unitary state is a federation. A federation is a constitutionally organized union or alliance of partially self-governing states or other regions under a central federal government. Unlike the largely powerless local governments in a unitary state, the states of a federation enjoy some degree of independence in their internal affairs. The US government structure is a good example of a federation. The U.S. Constitution establishes a system of federalism under which powers are shared between the central government in Washington, D.C., and the governments of the 50 individual states. The power-sharing system of federalism is defined in the 10th Amendment to the Constitution: â€Å"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.† While the U.S. Constitution specifically reserves some powers for the federal government, other powers are granted to the collective states, and others are shared by both. While the states have the power to enact their own laws, the laws must comply with the U.S. Constitution. Lastly, the states have the power to collectively amend the U.S. Constitution, provided that two-thirds of state governments vote to demand it. Even in federations, the distribution of power is often a source of controversy. In the United States, for example, disputes over states’ rights—the constitutional division of power between the federal and state governments—is a common subject of rulings issued by the U.S. Supreme Court under its original jurisdiction. Unitary States vs. Authoritarian States Unitary states should not be confused with authoritarian states. In an authoritarian state, all governing and political power is vested in a single individual leader or small, elite group of individuals. The leader or leaders of an authoritarian state are not chosen by the people, nor are they constitutionally responsible to the people. Authoritarian states rarely allow freedom of speech, freedom of the press, or freedom to practice non-state approved religions. In addition, there are no provisions for protecting the rights of minorities. Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler is typically cited as the prototypical authoritarian state; modern examples include Cuba, North Korea, and Iran. Pros and Cons The unitary state is the most common form of government in the world. This system of government has its benefits, but as with all schemes of dividing power between government and the people, it also has drawbacks. Advantages of a Unitary State Can act quickly: Because decisions are made by a single governing body, the unitary government is able to respond more quickly to unexpected situations, whether they are domestic or foreign. Can be less costly: Without the multiple levels of government bureaucracy common to federations, unitary states are able to operate more efficiently, thus potentially reducing their tax burden on the population. Can be smaller: The unitary state can govern the entire country from a single location with a minimal number or elected officials. The smaller structure of a unitary state allows it to meet the needs of the people without involving a massive workforce. Disadvantages of Unitary States Can lack infrastructure: Although they may be able to make decisions quickly, unitary governments sometimes lack the physical infrastructure needed to implement their decisions. In national emergencies, like natural disasters, the absence of infrastructure can endanger the people. Can ignore local needs: Because they can be slow to develop the resources needed to respond to arising situations, unitary governments tend to focus on foreign affairs while keeping domestic needs on the back burner. Can encourage abuse of power:  In unitary states, a single person or legislative body holds most, if not all, governmental power. History has shown that power, when placed in too few hands, is easily abused. Sources .†Unitary Stateâ€Å" The Annenberg Classroom Project..†Constitutional Limits on Government: Country Studies – Franceâ€Å" DemocracyWeb..â€Å".†Overview of the UK system of government Direct.Gov. UK National Archives.